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How to get the best mandarins from my tree?
The fruit you describe is very small, and some mandarin varieties have small fruit. The Clementines grown so successfully in Spain are grown in a way to prevent cross pollination so they will be seedless, and this results in smaller fruit. One suggestion is to have other Citrus varieties around for pollination.
The more common reason for small fruit is that the tree has been somewhat neglected. Fertilize the tree now, just before or during bloom. This will help the tree flower more heavily and hold more fruit on the tree after bloom. After the bloom, spray the tree with a citrus nutritional spray and citrus oil. Small bottles should be available at a garden center at modest cost, and small amounts will last a long time. The citrus oil spray will kill any pest insects that might have accumulated over time. Citrus absorb some nutrients readily through their leaves, and the new growth of the tree will green up nicely after the nutritional spray (this is standard practice in commercial citrus orchards).
The only thing left to do after that is to water regularly. The fruit shrunken away from the rind that you describe sounds as if the tree was not irrigated regularly at some point after last seasons fruit was set.
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